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【新科技】農業需求大環境下的植物工廠
2016-02-18
09:47:50
來源：中國農機網 閱讀量：16634
評論
【中國農機網 科技創新】到21世紀末，*或者我國人口的增加對農產品及糧食的需求，不僅是數量，還有質量上面的安全需求急劇增加。在這種背景下，植物工廠應運而生，發展速度非常快。
植物工廠為我國增添科技農業選擇
電影《火星救援》中有這樣一幕：孤身留在火星上的宇航員馬克利用技術自造水肥，在荒漠的火星上種出了土豆。類似的情節在廣東佛山成為現實。
【新科技】農業需求大環境下的植物工廠
位于廣東佛山南海羅村的廣東現代農業（植物工廠）應用示范基地內，一個150平方米的房間里，4層立體栽培架上一片綠油油的青菜苗正茁壯生長，每一層架子頂層都安裝了一排紅色的LED燈，下方則是無土栽培的營養液。
示范基地負責人眭世榮說，植物工廠的特點，是由半導體照明（LED）為植物生長提供光照，與無土栽培技術和水肥一體化的智能管控相結合，聚集了眾多的技術因子。該基地目前一次多可培育葉菜2萬棵。
中國農業科學院農業環境與可持續發展研究所主任楊其長介紹說，近年來LED照明技術的農業應用，尤其是植物工廠技術在國內外越來越熱。我國目前的植物工廠有110多座。
楊其長說，植物工廠是農業科技發展的集中體現之一，相較于傳統農業生產方式有很多優點，一是少受外界氣候影響，生產能力比較穩定；二是土地和空間資源的利用效率較高；三是生產自動化程度高，產量也比較高；四是可以有效避免重金屬等污染。
廣東省農業廳科技教育處處長陳暹秋認為，植物工廠將LED產業與農業有機融合，利用工廠模式發展現代農業，大幅度降低土地資源依賴。在我國人多地少、旱澇、病蟲災害頻發等背景下，將大有作為。
植物工廠采納LED照明技術裝備存難點
植物工廠采納LED照明技術裝備，這是它的優勢，因為LED照明可以極大提升植物工廠的空間效率，提升生產效率。同時也有一部分的技術發展的難點，如節能降耗的問題，包括LED光源如何運行更加節能有效，環控執行機構等...
技術難點分兩部分，一部分是植物工廠生產調控單向技術發展的難點。這其中主要有6個難點：一是節能降耗的問題，包括LED光源如何運行更加節能有效，環控執行機構等；二是智能環境控制問題，耦合控制、資源利用；三是農產品保健品質調控技術，功能營養物植物強化等；四是營養配方與光照配方問題，這一直是非常重要的問題；五是水肥一體技術裝備，我們要構建更合理的栽培平臺，研發更好的栽培裝備；六是生產管理自動化技術裝備，我們現在國內的植物工廠機器人、自動化裝備應用還是比較欠缺的。
第二部分的難點是生產調控系統技術發展難點。這里面有四個難點，一是植物工廠生產植物產品類型與效益關系，生產不同的植物種類和你的效益息息相關，他們之間的定量關系到底怎樣，需要我們做很多的研究工作；二是植物工廠建造規模與效益關系，建造的植物工廠規模不一樣，投入不一樣，產出也不一樣，這是不是一個直線關系或其他關系，也需要進一步研究；三是植物工廠智能化水平與效益關系，我們的植物工廠到底自動化水平達到多高有利于盈利，有利于推廣，這也需要研究；四是植物工廠建造區域與效益關系，例如建在城市周邊，還是鄉村，或者是華南華北，是不是都有不同的關系，我們需要更深入的研究。
植物工廠技術發展的對策
后簡單介紹下植物工廠技術發展的對策，個人觀點，僅供參考。首先是科技研發層面，一是針對性開展植物工廠植物生產要素需求規律研究，懂農業生物環境學、營養生理學、分子生物學，建立基于植物種類及品種的營養與環境配方大數據。
二是開展植物工廠工程裝備研發工作，圍護結構工程裝備、栽培與水肥一體化工程裝備、照明工程裝備、環境要素智能控制工程裝備等。
三是開展植物工廠高校調控的技術方法研發工作，以高產為目標，生產要素時空耦合調控技術方法研究，才能更有利于植物發展生育。
在成果轉化與示范驗證層面，一是建立典型氣候區植物工廠示范工程；二是建立規模尺度差異性植物工廠示范工程；三是建立多種植物種類的植物工廠示范工程；四是建立智能化物聯網植物工廠示范工程。通過示范工程的建立，通過一年或者是幾年的運行，得到一些運行參數，為植物工廠的標準化、推廣應用提供技術支撐。
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