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看2016農(nóng)田水利建設(shè)四大招 節(jié)水灌溉任重而道遠

2016-12-21 17:42:32 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 閱讀量：48025 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】據(jù)水利部的統(tǒng)計顯示，截至12月10日，2016年全國新增節(jié)水灌溉面積2145萬畝，提前超額完成“新增節(jié)水灌溉面積2000萬畝”的目標任務(wù)，給我國節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展帶來十足的信心。
 
　　2016年作為“十三五”開局之年，東北節(jié)水增糧、西北節(jié)水增效、華北節(jié)水壓采、南方節(jié)水減排等規(guī)?；?jié)水灌溉工作全力推進，為促進節(jié)約用水、保障農(nóng)業(yè)增產(chǎn)增效提供了堅實的后盾。筆者總結(jié)了今年各地在推進節(jié)水灌溉過程中實施的多項突出舉措，及目前整個節(jié)水灌溉發(fā)展中存在的幾個問題，供同行人士參考。 
 
 
　　招式一：完善農(nóng)田基礎(chǔ)水利設(shè)施
 
　　作為六大興水工程之一，日照市今冬明春重點實施東港區(qū)、嵐山區(qū)、山海天農(nóng)田水利項目縣工程、莒縣涉水涉地資金整合項目，以及土地整理、高標準農(nóng)田、農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)等23項農(nóng)田灌溉工程，建設(shè)各類農(nóng)田水利工程144處，發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉面積14.1萬畝。目前，日照市水利會戰(zhàn)農(nóng)田灌溉工程已完成投資8000萬元，形象進度達到35%。
 
　　農(nóng)田水利項目的實施不僅解決了灌溉用水難、成本高等問題，還可以治理漬害、減少水體污染、提高作物產(chǎn)量，取得良好的經(jīng)濟、生態(tài)效益，促進了農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 
　　招式二：研發(fā)節(jié)水作物
 
　　今秋，哈爾濱市雙城區(qū)希勤村禾菽農(nóng)業(yè)旱稻種植基地喜獲豐收。這意味著全程不用灌溉、只靠天然雨水的旱田直播技術(shù)實驗示范獲得成功。與常規(guī)水稻種植相比，旱田直播稻優(yōu)點突出:一是成熟期短，與大田同步直播，早于大田成熟收割，成熟期在125天以內(nèi)；二是省工省力，投入少效益高。不用育苗插秧，采用旱田機械直播，省工省力省時；全程不用灌溉，靠自然雨水種植。
 
　　招式三：使用排灌機械
 
　　今年，天津北辰區(qū)把提升農(nóng)田節(jié)水灌溉能力列入到二十項民心工程之中，區(qū)水務(wù)局作為主要責任單位，立足農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展實際需要，采用移動式噴灌、滴灌和微灌等方式，加強農(nóng)田節(jié)水灌溉的能力，截止目前，共完成節(jié)水面積1700畝，水利用系數(shù)突破80%。
 
　　移動式噴灌機的優(yōu)勢在于地下不鋪設(shè)管道，不占地下的面積，作物好打理。不但噴得均勻而且節(jié)水，對幼苗不會造成傷害?！?br /> 
　　招式四：改革農(nóng)業(yè)水價
 
　　2016年08月18日，湖北省政府下發(fā)《湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)水價綜合改革實施方案》。《方案》提出，計劃用10年時間，健全農(nóng)業(yè)水價形成機制，建立農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水總量控制和定額管理制度，促進農(nóng)業(yè)用水方式由粗放式向集約化轉(zhuǎn)變。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)水價將按照價格管理權(quán)限實行分級管理。大中型灌區(qū)骨干工程原則上實行政府定價，具備條件的可以協(xié)商定價；大中型灌區(qū)末級渠系及小型灌區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水價，可實行政府定價，也可以實行協(xié)商定價。
 
　　節(jié)水灌溉發(fā)展背后仍有隱憂
 
　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計，我國水資源總量占世界6%，人均水資源量僅為世界1/4。在水資源短缺的剛性制約下，每年農(nóng)業(yè)需灌溉用水3600億方，而在我國現(xiàn)有的20.25億畝耕地中，不僅灌溉水利用率只有52%，還有10.73億畝是沒有灌溉條件的“望天田”。也就是說，盡管節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)已經(jīng)得到一定的發(fā)展，但仍有不少問題亟待破解。
 
　　一是節(jié)水灌溉機械呈現(xiàn)技術(shù)研發(fā)弱勢。在中國,中節(jié)水灌溉市場幾乎全被以色列占據(jù)，在節(jié)水灌溉產(chǎn)業(yè)占全國市場份額30%之多的萊蕪市，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備所用的一個小小塑料滴頭卻要從遙遠的以色列運過來，這不得不引起我們的深思。我國還需加大節(jié)水灌溉設(shè)備技術(shù)研發(fā)投入。
 
　　二是先天自然條件仍是一大制約。我國國土面積廣大，水資源時空分布不均勻，仍有很大一部分農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)地處于干旱區(qū)或者半干旱區(qū)，供需矛盾突出。特別是是對于高原戈壁來說，“有水一片綠、無水一片荒”成為常見現(xiàn)象。
 
　　三是節(jié)水設(shè)施投資大、效率低。相比其它項目來說，農(nóng)業(yè)本身就基礎(chǔ)投資較大，回收速度較慢。對于拖拉機、收割機、播種機來說，每年啥時候用，用多久都差不多，因此農(nóng)民樂意購買；而節(jié)水設(shè)施就不同，干旱了就用得多，風調(diào)雨順就用得少，如果雨水充沛，可能一年到頭都用不到，這樣的不確定性自然會降低投資者的熱情。
 
　　結(jié)語：農(nóng)業(yè)是我國用水大戶，節(jié)水灌溉就顯得尤其重要，因為農(nóng)業(yè)不但是國民生存、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展之本，更是生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要組成部分。緩解水資源供需矛盾的關(guān)鍵，還需在大力發(fā)展灌排裝備和提高水資源利用效率上下功夫，實現(xiàn)水資源的科學、簡便、自動、利用，促進農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 

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