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輪作休耕：讓土地更肥沃 農民更富有

2018-01-31 15:26:20 來源：中國農機網(wǎng) 閱讀量：39354 評論

　　【中國農機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 近日，新修訂的《省級政府耕地保護責任目標考核辦法》(以下簡稱《辦法》)已于1月3日印發(fā)實施，這反映了我國耕地保護進入了新時代。
 
　　農業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟的基礎，而耕地則是農業(yè)的基礎，是我國寶貴的土地資源，也是農民收入來源的基礎。土地年年種，年年施肥撒藥，土地也會受到傷害，需要休息，為此農業(yè)部等十部門在2016年聯(lián)合發(fā)布《探索實行耕地輪作休耕制度試點方案》，提出重點在東北冷涼區(qū)、北方農牧交錯區(qū)等地開展輪作試點，重點在地下水漏斗區(qū)、重金屬污染區(qū)和生態(tài)嚴重退化地區(qū)開展休耕試點。
 
　　我國人多地少，土地資源緊缺，以有限的耕地養(yǎng)活十幾億的人口也讓我們的耕地付出了極大的代價，耕地數(shù)量減少、地力嚴重透支、水土流失，地下水超采、土壤污染加重等問題已成為制約農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的突出矛盾。實行輪作休耕制度，有利于耕地休養(yǎng)生息和農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 

 
　　各地對輪作休耕制度的探索與實踐
 
　　昆山市：昆山市是江蘇省輪作休耕先行先試地區(qū)，早在2015年就制定冬春生態(tài)休耕方案，提出“5年全市耕地輪作休耕一遍”，當年休耕面積3513.8畝，2016年休耕2.03萬畝。監(jiān)測結果顯示：2015年小麥當季減少化肥用量79.74噸，2016年小麥當季減少化肥用量461.8噸，病蟲害降低10%-15%；通過輪作換茬，改種油菜，促進了觀光農業(yè)的發(fā)展，去年舉辦的“千燈油菜花節(jié)”每天吸引游客數(shù)千人；由于輪作換茬和冬季曬垡，水稻播栽較往年提前一周左右結束。去年該市將輪作休耕試點面積擴大到4萬畝，是省級下達指標的2.66倍。
 
　　長春市：2017年年初，按照《吉林省2017年耕地輪作制度試點工作方案》，長春市在榆樹市、農安縣啟動試點，分別落實輪作面積10萬畝。2017年年初以來，為保證耕地輪作試點工作順利開展，長春市農委精心指導，協(xié)調推進項目實施。全市探索了“一主三輔”的輪作種植模式，即以玉米改種大豆為主，推廣米豆輪作種植模式，同時兼顧玉米與馬鈴薯輪作、玉米與雜糧雜豆輪作、玉米與花生或向日葵等油料作物輪作。
 
　　文山州：2017年，文山州硯山、廣南縣被農業(yè)部列為耕地輪作休耕制度試點縣，實施休耕3萬畝，其中：硯山縣2萬畝，廣南縣1萬畝，每畝補助資金500元，投入中央財政資金1500萬元。文山州穩(wěn)步推進耕地休耕試點工作，重點在項目縣石漠化重點治理區(qū)，選擇25度以下相對集中連片坡耕地和瘠薄地兩季作物種植區(qū)，非退耕還林還草和重點水源保護區(qū)開展休耕試點。2017年，全州完成耕地休耕試點面積3萬畝。
 
　　農業(yè)部部長韓長賦在2017年全國農業(yè)工作會議上表示，明年將進一步擴大輪作休耕制度試點規(guī)模至2400萬畝，初步形成技術模式、耕作制度、核實制度、補貼制度。作為農業(yè)供給側結構性改革的一項重要舉措，2016年我國開始開展耕地輪作休耕制度試點，并在2017年將試點面積增加至1200萬畝。
 
　　為此，除了繼續(xù)擴大輪作休耕制度試點規(guī)模以外，后期農業(yè)部還將大力實施耕地質量保護與提升行動，加大東北黑土地保護，積極推動黑土地保護立法，探索建立保護獎補政策，選擇一批重點縣開展整建制試點，每個縣實施面積50萬畝以上。以黑土區(qū)為重點，集成推廣深松深耕技術，力爭明年深松深耕整地面積達到1.5億畝以上。
 
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