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看看國外是如何處理農(nóng)作物秸稈的

2018-06-20 08:51:44 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：32337 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 每到收獲季節(jié)，處理農(nóng)作物秸稈是讓農(nóng)民很頭疼的問題。在過去，糧食收獲后都是將秸稈一把火燒掉，這既污染環(huán)境又浪費資源，近年來各地政府嚴(yán)禁秸稈焚燒同時大力推廣秸稈綜合利用，雖然目前已取得一定成效，但還需要加大推廣力度以及加快秸稈綜合利用新技術(shù)的研發(fā)。秸稈問題不只在我國是一大“難題”，在國外秸稈利用問題同樣存在。下面簡單介紹一下國外是如何處理農(nóng)作物秸稈的。
 
　　丹麥：利用秸稈發(fā)電
 
　　丹麥?zhǔn)枪J(rèn)的秸稈利用為成功的國家。丹麥利用秸稈發(fā)電供暖的方式，很值得各國借鑒。秸稈富含氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂和有機質(zhì)，這是其可以綜合利用的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。僅以燃料化為例，秸稈的平均熱值相當(dāng)于標(biāo)煤熱值的50%，每兩噸秸稈相當(dāng)于一噸標(biāo)煤。在丹麥，全島的供熱主要由兩個秸稈供熱廠提供。以丹麥馬里博秸稈電廠為例，電廠總裝機容量1.2萬千瓦，每小時消耗7.5噸秸稈，為5萬人口供應(yīng)電和熱。農(nóng)民每送一噸秸稈到電廠，電廠支付400丹麥克朗，并免費返還40公斤秸稈燃燒的爐灰作為肥料還田。丹麥秸稈發(fā)電等可再生能源已占丹麥能源消費量的24%，目前共有60個地區(qū)的供暖廠在用秸稈作原料。
 
　　澳大利亞：秸稈是奶牛的主要食物
 
　　在澳大利亞，秸稈不但不是垃圾還是寶貝，它們可是澳大利亞奶牛的主要食物。在澳大利亞，每年春秋時節(jié)都能看到一道獨特的風(fēng)景：農(nóng)民們把農(nóng)作物秸稈曬干，卷成秸稈卷整齊地擺放在田頭土黃色的秸稈與大地、綠草、藍(lán)天融為一體，這樣的風(fēng)景甚至能吸引游客特意趕來觀看。
 
　　澳大利亞農(nóng)民喜歡用農(nóng)作物的秸稈來喂牲口，而且專門喂奶牛，因為他們認(rèn)為這種麥秸稈蛋白質(zhì)含量很好，纖維素含量很高，對奶牛非常好。如果說用秸稈喂奶牛的話，奶牛的奶會產(chǎn)的比較高。所以他們往往在春天，或者是初秋的時候就先把秸稈切割下來，等收到非常干之后，他們就用卷草機給它一卷一卷的給卷出來。
 
　　美國：限制露天焚燒，推廣綜合利用
 
　　在美國，對秸稈露天焚燒的時間、地點，各州有專門法規(guī)加以限制，部分州對焚燒秸稈的條件非常苛刻。秸稈的處理方法除飼喂牲畜和直接還田之外，還是家庭飾品和建材的主要原料。美國人喜歡用玉米的秸稈做家門前的秋季裝飾，每年10月底的萬圣節(jié)、11月底的感恩節(jié)，玉米秸稈、南瓜、菊花、葫蘆等，都是制作裝飾物的常見原材料。美國有不少推銷玉米秸稈的網(wǎng)站，每捆售價在2—20美元；成捆的秸稈經(jīng)過高強度擠壓后，還可以當(dāng)作房屋墻壁內(nèi)的填充物，保溫隔熱效果很不錯；還有些藝術(shù)家，用玉米秸稈制作了各種工藝品，如稻草人、雕花、繪畫等等，很是精巧別致。
 
　　另外，美國還積極將秸稈變身綠色燃料。美國威斯康星大學(xué)已經(jīng)有化學(xué)和生物工程科學(xué)家，正在研發(fā)如何以較低的成本，用玉米秸稈等原料在微生物的發(fā)酵作用下制成生物乙醇。一旦取得突破，節(jié)煤就容易多了。
 
　　英國：秸稈綜合利用，節(jié)約木材和能源
 
　　英國在處理和開發(fā)利用秸稈方面，除直接還田和作畜禽飼料外，用秸稈代替木材和燃料，以節(jié)約能源。
 
　　為了充分挖掘利用農(nóng)作物秸稈資源，英國早已把農(nóng)作物秸稈用于造紙業(yè)的原料，秸稈紙一般用來包裝物資。秸稈還應(yīng)用于建材原料，如制樓房屋頂、隔板等。這種特制加工板具有隔音、防潮、防火、抗震、重量輕等特點；除此之外英國用農(nóng)作物秸稈直接作燃料，取代煤、油來供樓房取暖。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　目前我國的秸稈綜合利用常見方法有飼料化、肥料化、能源化和基料化等，筆者認(rèn)為國外利用秸稈發(fā)電以及研制生物乙醇等技術(shù)是值得我們借鑒的。我國作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)大國，每年秸稈產(chǎn)量巨大，加快推進(jìn)秸稈綜合利用和秸稈利用新技術(shù)研發(fā)，對保障國家能源安全和農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展都有重要意義。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：中國秸稈網(wǎng)、華語廣播網(wǎng)，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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