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農業生產托管服務——推動小農戶向現代農業發展的又一有效途徑

2019-08-13 17:15:16 來源：農機網原創 作者：林言 閱讀量：52547 評論

　　【農機網 編輯視角】 *，土地碎片化經營和小農戶長期存在是我國當前農業發展的基本農情。據數據統計，我國小農戶數量占到農業經營主體98%以上，小農戶從業人員占農業從業人員90%，小農戶經營耕地面積占總耕地面積的70%。
 
　　黨的十九大提出，要實現小農戶和現代農業發展的有機銜接。當前，實現農業適度規模化發展，降低農業成本是加快我國農業高質量發展的現實所需。土地流轉作為規模化手段之一，此前我們曾做過探討(詳情點擊：論土地規模化經營的必要性)，此處不再贅述；除此之外，大力發展農業生產托管服務也是實現農業規模化經營的手段之一，而且是在不流轉土地經營權的前提條件下。
 
　　農業生產托管是農戶等經營主體在不流轉土地經營權的條件下，將農業生產中的耕、種、防、收等全部或部分作業環節委托給農業生產性服務組織完成的農業經營方式。
 
　　早在2017年，農業部辦公廳發布《關于大力推進農業生產托管的指導意見》，對大力推進農業生產托管作出了明確要求，提出農業生產托管是農業生產性服務直接服務農戶和農業生產具時代意義的方式，是農業生產性服務業聯接小農戶的有效機制，是服務規模經營的主要形式。
 
　　今年2月，中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳印發的《關于促進小農戶和現代農業發展有機銜接的意見》中也提出要加快推進農業生產托管服務：創新農業生產服務方式，適應不同地區不同產業小農戶的農業作業環節需求，發展單環節托管、多環節托管、關鍵環節綜合托管和全程托管等多種托管模式。鼓勵各地因地制宜選擇本地優先支持的托管作業環節，不斷提升農業生產托管對小農戶服務的覆蓋率。加強農業生產托管的服務標準建設、服務價格指導、服務質量監測、服務合同監管，促進農業生產托管規范發展。實施小農戶生產托管服務促進工程。

 
       發展農業生產托管的重要意義
 
　　一是有利于普通農戶參與農業現代化進程。隨著農村青壯年勞動力大量外出務工，農業勞動力短缺問題普遍存在。發展農業生產托管，可以通過服務組織的專業化服務將先進適用的品種、技術、裝備等要素導入農業生產，切實解決小農經濟經營方式粗放、生產效率低下等問題。
 
　　二是有利于促進服務規模經營發展。開展農業生產托管，通過服務組織提供專業化、規模化服務，形成了既不流轉土地經營權，又能發展適度規模經營的新路徑，滿足了一些農戶繼續從事家庭經營的愿望，同時讓農戶分享到規模經營的收益。
 
　　三是有利于促進農業節本增效。通過開展托管服務，服務組織可以集中采購農業生產資料，降低農業物化成本；可以采用先進農作技術，充分發揮農業機械裝備作業能力，降低生產作業成本；可以采用新品種、實行標準化生產，提高農產品產量和品質，實現農業節本增效。
 
　　四是有利于推進農業綠色生產發展。農業綠色發展是一項長期戰略任務。專業化的農業生產托管服務組織技術裝備先進，統防統治、科學施肥等綠色生產技術的應用推廣能力強，可以有效克服部分農戶缺乏科學使用農資、綠色防控病蟲害等先進技術的困難，促進農業綠色生產和可持續發展。
 
　　山西省出臺全國《農業生產托管服務規范》
 
　　近日，全國《農業生產托管服務規范》(以下簡稱《規范》)地方標準在山西發布，并將于2019年8月25日實施。
 
　　《規范》以帶領小農戶發展現代農業為主要目標，兼顧促進農業適度規模經營，通過政策引導小農戶廣泛接受農業生產托管、機械化烘干等社會化服務，努力培育主體多元、競爭充分的農業生產社會化服務市場，集中連片地推進機械化、規模化、集約化的綠色現代農業生產方式，著力提高農業綜合效益和競爭力，促進農業綠色發展和資源可持續利用。
 
　　《規范》對服務方式、服務組織、服務內容都有詳細的標準，要求參與托管的主體必須具備法人資格和兩年以上農業社會化服務經驗，同時，必須擁有與其服務內容、服務能力相匹配的專業農業機械和設備以及農業技術力量。
 
　　在服務內容方面，《規范》細化規定了提供農業市場信息服務、農資供應服務、農業綠色生產技術服務、農業廢棄物資源化利用服務、農機作業及維修服務、農產品初加工服務和營銷服務等七大服務，每一項服務又細分出多項具體規范；在托管服務方式上，《規范》也進行了標準分類，區分了全程托管、單環節托管、多環節托管、關鍵環節托管等服務方式。農戶可以將“耕、種、防、收、加”等作業環節全部委托，或者選擇幾個環節進行托管。
 
　　同時，《規范》要求各農業農村部門要將職能定位于農業生產托管行業監管，針對服務標準、質量、價格、信用等方面，加強制度建設，強化規范引導。積極探索建立托管服務主體名錄管理制度，建立農村經營管理部門、集體經濟組織、農民代表、技術專家等多方參與的服務主體資格審查監督機制，建立服務主體信用評價機制。
 
　　山西省《農業生產托管服務規范》的制定將對農業生產托管服務起到規范和約束作用，不僅為山西省的農業生產托管保駕護航，還將為全國農業生產托管服務的發展起到帶頭作用，從而加快我國小農戶向規模農業銜接，促進現代農業進一步發展。

上一篇： 對丘陵山區農業機械化的探索——重慶農田“宜機化”改造*

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