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保障糧食安全，從土地源頭把控耕地質量

2019-11-26 15:04:53 來源：農機網整理發布 閱讀量：30065 評論

　　【農機網 熱點關注】保障糧食安全，關鍵是要保障糧食生產能力。而高標準農田建設，不僅能夠新增糧食產能，而且能夠提升農田的抗災能力。據測算，到2022年全國建成高標準農田10億畝，以此可以穩定保障糧食產能在1萬億斤以上，約占我國糧食總產量的80%，在保障國家糧食安全方面將起到基礎支撐作用。
 
　　事實上，不僅僅是高標準農田建設這一重要舉措實施，我國一直以來便高度重視耕地質量調查監測和評價工作，在2017年就成立了農業農村部耕地質量監測保護中心，履行耕地質量調查、監測、評價、建設和保護等職責職能，大力開展耕地質量的保護與提升。
 
　　重視耕地質量調查監測與評價體系建設
 
　　2016年，先后頒布實施《耕地質量調查監測與評價辦法》(農業部2016年第2號令)(以下簡稱《辦法》)和《耕地質量等級》(GB/T 33469-2016)國家標準。全面推進耕地質量調查、監測與評價制度建設，掌握我國耕地質量狀況和變化趨勢，助力“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”戰略，促進農業可持續發展?！陡刭|量調查監測與評價辦法》提出了耕地質量調查、監測、評價與信息發布等制度。
 
　　耕地質量調查制度：包括耕地質量普查、專項調查與應急調查等3類調查。
 
　　耕地質量監測制度：以農業部耕地質量監測機構和地方耕地質量監測機構為主體，以相關科研教學單位的耕地質量監測站(點)為補充，構建覆蓋面廣、代表性強、功能完備的國家耕地質量監測網絡，對耕地土壤理化性狀、養分狀況等質量變化情況開展動態監測。
 
　　耕地質量評價制度：包括耕地質量等級評價、耕地質量監測評價、特定區域耕地質量評價、耕地質量特定指標評價、新增耕地質量評價和耕地質量應急調查評價等6類。
 
　　耕地質量信息發布制度：農業部和省級人民政府農業主管部門每5年發布一次全國耕地質量等級信息和省級行政區域耕地質量等級信息，定期發布年度耕地質量監測報告。
 
　　開展耕地質量監測網絡建設
 
　　農業農村部會同生態環境部印發《國家土壤環境監測網農產品產地土壤環境監測工作方案(試行)》，按照互補不重復、科學經濟、動態調整的原則，整合優化相關行業土壤環境監測點位，統一規范、統一標準和統一信息發布，構建和運行國家土壤環境監測網，開展全國耕地質量調查監測和評價工作。
 
　　目前，全國各級農業農村部門已建立耕地質量長期定位監測點1052個、省級監測點3000多個、地級監測點2000多個、縣級監測點9000多個，初步形成了國家、省、市、縣四級耕地質量監測網絡。
 
　　定期發布耕地質量監測報告，為各級政府制定耕地質量保護政策提供了重要的技術支撐。同時，將耕地輪作休耕制度試點區域作為耕地質量監測的重點，科學設置監測站(點)，跟蹤耕地質量變化，為評價耕地輪作休耕效果提供科學依據。
 
　　建立全國耕地質量監測評價信息發布制度
 
　　在縣級層面，組織完成全國所有農業縣(場)(2498個)耕地質量評價工作，共采集土壤樣品370多萬個，繪制各類專題圖件2萬余幅，評價成果在指導縣級農業生產方面發揮了重要作用。
 
　　在省級與區域層面，全面啟動重點農區的耕地質量區域匯總評價工作。2017年起開展了新一輪耕地質量區域評價工作，推動評價成果在跨省大區尺度的應用。
 
　　在國家層面，2014年以農業部公報的形式對外發布全國耕地質量等級情況。根據《辦法》要求，每5年發布一次全國和省級行政區域耕地質量等級信息。同時，依據耕地質量長期定位監測點監測結果，每年發布《國家耕地質量長期定位監測報告》，對全國耕地質量進行動態監管。
 
　　加強耕地質量建設與保護提升
 
　　農業農村部會同有關部門，加快實施“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”戰略，采取有力措施加強耕地地力提升。通過組織實施《高標準農田建設總體規劃》《耕地質量保護與提升行動方案》《東北黑土地保護規劃綱要（2017—2030年）》等，推廣耕地地力培肥等成套技術模式，加快建設集中連片、旱澇保收、高產穩產、生態友好的高標準農田。
 
　　11月25日，舉行了政策例行吹風會，介紹了《國務院辦公廳關于切實加強高標準農田建設提升國家糧食安全保障能力的意見》有關情況，并答記者問?！兑庖姟诽岢龅?022年，全國要建成10億畝高標準農田，以此穩定保障1萬億斤以上的糧食產能；到2035年，通過持續改造提升，全國高標準農田保有量進一步提高。
 
　　開展退化耕地綜合治理、耕地地力保護提升、污染耕地阻控修復、投入品和廢棄物安全性監測評價等。分區域、分品種開展安全利用與種植結構調整，在湖南省長株潭地區270萬畝耕地實施重金屬污染修復及農作物種植結構調整試點，積極構建以品種替代、水肥調控、土壤調理等農藝措施為主的受污染耕地安全利用技術體系，為保護提升我國耕地生產能力，推進農業供給側結構性改革和推動農業綠色發展加強生態文明建設提供重要保障。
 
　　本文由農機網整理發布，部分資料來源：農業農村部，如有侵權或異議請聯系我們。

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