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陰雪天氣日光溫室蔬菜生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見

2021-11-12 09:26:55 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量：19093 評論

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農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導組
 
　　11月6日-10日，東北地區(qū)出現(xiàn)冰凍雨雪、大風寒潮天氣，普降大到暴雪，部分地區(qū)大暴雪，局部特大暴雪，并伴有15℃左右的強降溫和陣風，其中遼寧中西部和北部、內(nèi)蒙古東部出現(xiàn)特大暴雪。此次極端天氣過程強度大、時間長、范圍廣、危害重，導致塑料大棚、連棟溫室、日光溫室等被壓變形、垮塌。針對暴雪和連續(xù)多日的陰雪天氣影響，對日光溫室蔬菜生產(chǎn)提出如下指導意見。
 
　　一、及時除雪和檢查修繕各類設(shè)施。及早清除日光溫室積雪，認真檢查破損情況，積極快速修復破損棚膜、壓膜線、骨架、內(nèi)外電路及卷簾機、放風器、照明、水泵等設(shè)備。組織力量盡快清運設(shè)施園區(qū)四周和主要通路的積雪，以防積雪融化導致溫室四周積水、淤濕。同時要注意除雪人員安全，特別是避免棚架坍塌，造成人員傷害。進一步加固設(shè)施設(shè)備，以防再次遭遇更大風雪。
 
　　二、陰雪天氣較長時的管理要點。如果陰雪天數(shù)超過3天，要在白天外界溫度不很低的時段，及時揭開日光溫室保溫覆蓋物；白天外界溫度較低時，也應在中午短時間揭開日光溫室保溫覆蓋物，以便讓蔬菜接受一些散射光，避免連續(xù)數(shù)日不揭開保溫覆蓋物導致蔬菜植株生育障礙。
 
　　三、天氣放晴初期管理要點。這次連續(xù)陰雪天氣時間長，保溫覆蓋時間也長，因此天氣驟晴后要注意采取間隔、交替揭開日光溫室保溫覆蓋物或逐漸打開保溫覆蓋物的方式，不能立即全部揭開保溫覆蓋物，以防作物葉片在強光下失水萎蔫。若揭開保溫覆蓋物后發(fā)現(xiàn)葉片萎蔫應隨即回蓋保溫覆蓋物，待植株恢復后再逐步揭開，同時及時恢復通風排濕。一般1～2天后可回歸正常管理。待植株適應后，葉面適當增施磷酸二氫鉀和氨基酸類葉面肥。
 
　　四、加強陰雪后的田間管理。主要是注意日光溫室光照管理、蓄熱保溫管理、作物肥水管理、通風降濕管理等。
 
　　一是加強蓄熱保溫管理。暴雪后，常常伴隨急劇降溫，除了維護和加強日光溫室保溫覆蓋外，還可采取在保溫被與棚膜間加墊氣泡膜，在進出門內(nèi)外增設(shè)簡易緩沖間或圍擋，密閉溫室縫隙，前底腳圍“裙簾”，溫室內(nèi)張掛二道幕等措施，全面提高日光溫室的蓄熱保溫抗寒能力。有條件的地方，應預備燃熱塊、燃油或燃煤熱風爐、移動式電熱風機、取暖器等應急加熱設(shè)備。
 
　　二是加強光照管理。在溫度允許情況下要盡量早揭和晚蓋日光溫室保溫覆蓋物，延長光照時間。揭保溫覆蓋物時間應以揭開保溫覆蓋物后溫室內(nèi)溫度不下降為宜；同時要適時蓋保溫覆蓋物，保溫性能好的日光溫室，夜間最低氣溫在0～-15℃季節(jié)應在日光溫室內(nèi)溫度降至15～17℃時蓋保溫覆蓋物；夜間最低氣溫在-15℃以下季節(jié)應在日光溫室內(nèi)溫度降至17～19℃時蓋保溫覆蓋物。保溫不良的日光溫室應早蓋保溫覆蓋物。及時清潔棚膜，后坡與后墻懸掛反光幕，增加光照。有條件的地方可增加人工補光，一般每個燈40W，每667平方米安裝25盞左右為宜，在弱光季節(jié)每天補光3～4小時，可顯著增加蔬菜產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。
 
　　三是加強肥水科學管理。冬季要嚴格日光溫室蔬菜肥水管理，在室外最低氣溫-15℃以下時，一般盡量少澆水。應選擇在最低氣溫-10℃以上的晴天澆透水，覆蓋地膜保墑。如果蔬菜表現(xiàn)缺水，應選寒流剛過、天氣晴朗的好天，采用膜下滴灌或膜下溝灌澆小水，以免降低地溫。陰雪天氣日光溫室內(nèi)地溫氣溫均較低，蔬菜根系吸收能力弱且生長發(fā)育緩慢，應盡量少進行土壤追肥，但可適當進行葉面追肥，以緩解由于低溫寡照導致蔬菜生長發(fā)育不良。一般可葉面噴施0.3%磷酸二氫鉀加0.3%硝酸鈣加1%的葡萄糖液；或0.3%復合肥(NPK為15:15:15)加0.2%氯化鈣再加1%的葡萄糖液。
 
　　四是強化控濕防病。持續(xù)陰雪低溫天氣，日光溫室內(nèi)空氣濕度大，易誘發(fā)病害，應在中午短時間通風排濕，控制病害發(fā)生。發(fā)病后選用煙霧劑、粉塵劑防治，以利于均勻施藥和避免溫室內(nèi)空氣濕度過高。此外，在溫室內(nèi)壟溝中，盡可能鋪墊玉米與稻麥碎秸稈、稻殼、鋸末等吸濕物料，降低溫室濕度。
 
　　五是增加地溫促根壯秧。若日光溫室尚處在耕整土地和定植階段，要注重增加地溫。一般采用增施有機肥及有機物料、寬行栽培、高畦大壟、地膜覆蓋、壟溝鋪設(shè)有機物料(鋸末、稻殼、碎秸稈)、膜下滴灌、一次澆透水減少澆水次數(shù)等措施，可提高地溫3～4℃，促進根系生長和養(yǎng)分吸收。
 
　　六是適當控制結(jié)果。持續(xù)陰雪低溫天氣，蔬菜植株生長發(fā)育弱，要及早采收果實和適當疏花疏果，以免加重植株負擔，導致植株生育更弱，降低抗逆抗病能力。

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