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2022年黃河流域棉區(qū)棉花前期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2022-03-18 08:48:37 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量：15250 評論

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農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司      全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)前黃河流域棉區(qū)生產(chǎn)特點和氣象條件，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組有關(guān)專家，研究制定了《2022年黃河流域棉區(qū)棉花前期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》。
 
　　一、耙耱保墑
 
　　2021年下半年，黃河流域棉區(qū)均遭受不同程度澇漬災(zāi)害，加之冬季降雪，棉田含水程度普遍高于常年，應(yīng)因地制宜，根據(jù)棉田類型和含水量情況分類施技。一是含水量過大地塊，待表層土壤略顯松散時，及時進行淺層耙耱，通過散墑形成3—5厘米的松軟表土層，并切斷下層土壤水分蒸發(fā)毛細孔，保存底墑，待適播期播種。二是含水量正常棉田，趁春季氣溫回暖前，盡早耙耱保墑，播前根據(jù)土壤水分含量情況，直接播種或畝灌30—40方底墑水后播種。三是沙土地棉田，土壤含水量不足，按照常規(guī)年份適時每畝灌底墑水60—80方，整地待播。四是鹽堿地棉田，根據(jù)鹽堿程度和土壤含水量確定灌水量，以確保表層土壤含鹽量低于0.3%并適時播種。
 
　　二、分類施肥
 
　　耙耱后可直接播種的棉田，免施底肥，6月中下旬結(jié)合降雨或灌水，每畝追施棉花專用復(fù)合肥20—30公斤。灌底墑水的棉田，灌水前畝施復(fù)合肥40—50公斤。有條件的地方，可一次性基施控釋肥或控釋復(fù)混肥。提倡整地前加施有機肥200—300公斤(折合干重)。
 
　　三、適期播種
 
　　1.品種選擇。選用通過審定的優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)棉花品種，播前要測定發(fā)芽率，根據(jù)發(fā)芽率情況適當(dāng)調(diào)整播種量。
 
　　2.播種時間。直接播種不早于4月中旬，一般在4月下旬到5月初，根據(jù)天氣預(yù)報未來一周無大幅降溫降雨情況下，在“冷尾暖頭”播種。
 
　　3.科學(xué)除草。播種前噴施氟樂靈乳油等除草劑混土，播后苗前再噴施乙草胺乳油等除草劑，均勻噴灑于地表。
 
　　4.合理密植。機采棉田采用等行距76厘米模式播種，每畝5000—6000株；普通棉田采用大小行播種，大行距90—100厘米，小行距50—60厘米，高肥力地塊留苗密度每畝3500-4000株，中低肥力地塊每畝4000-5000株。提倡采用精量播種機單粒精量播種，減免間苗定苗環(huán)節(jié)。
 
　　四、苗期管理
 
　　1.放苗定苗。棉苗出土后及時放苗，如遇突發(fā)高溫，須提前破膜避免燙苗。非精量播種棉田3—5葉期定苗。
 
　　2.中耕培土。棉花苗期視情進行1次中耕除草；盛蕾期中耕培土預(yù)防后期倒伏，培土高度以到子葉節(jié)為宜。
 
　　3.病蟲防治。在田間棉花卷葉株率達到10%時施藥防治蚜蟲，可選氟啶蟲胺腈懸浮劑+吡蚜酮可濕粉劑，兌水進行噴霧，打勻打透；也可輪換使用吡蟲啉、啶蟲脒等，避免長期使用單一農(nóng)藥品種。在棉株紅斑率達15%時噴施阿維菌素乳油防治紅蜘蛛，施藥時盡量使藥液噴到葉片背面。在苗期雨后晴天時及時中耕松土防治立枯病，增加土壤通透性，提高土層溫度，培育健苗壯苗，減輕立枯病危害。
 
　　五、育苗移栽
 
　　套作棉花需在3月底至4月初播種育苗，5月初移栽。棉花品種選用大株型雜交種，充分發(fā)揮單株優(yōu)勢，育苗期間要做好促根劑噴施、溫度調(diào)控、水分管理、通風(fēng)煉苗等工作，移栽前5—7天灌一次“送苗水”，并逐漸降低棚內(nèi)溫度至大田溫度，移栽前2天噴施保葉劑，提高成苗率。
 
　　棉花栽植作業(yè)宜在晴好天氣下進行，采用人工或機械開溝栽植或打洞栽植的，要求棉苗根系入土深度不小于7厘米，移栽時要保證土壤墑情良好。

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