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水稻機(jī)插育秧技術(shù)節(jié)選

2024-04-08 09:54:15 來(lái)源：江蘇農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站 閱讀量：19510 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 一、精量播種
 
　　(一)適宜播期。在確保水稻安全齊穗、灌漿結(jié)實(shí)不受秋季低溫危害的前提下，一般根據(jù)移栽期及大田讓茬時(shí)間、大田耕整與沉實(shí)時(shí)間等，按照“寧可田等秧，不可秧等田”原則，以秧齡 25～30 天推算播種期，缽苗栽插播種期以 5 月 15日～5 月 25 為宜。
 
　　(二)適宜播量。常規(guī)粳稻每畝大田用種 3.0～3.5 公斤，每孔適宜 3～5 苗，每孔播種以 5～6 粒為宜；雜交稻每畝大田
 
　　用種 1.5～2.0 公斤，每孔適宜 2～3 苗，每孔播種以 3～4 粒為宜，根據(jù)品種、千粒重、發(fā)芽率等計(jì)算每盤播干種子重(每
 
　　盤 448 缽孔)。
 
　　(三)機(jī)械播種。采用缽苗專用型播種機(jī)流水線定量播種。播前嚴(yán)格調(diào)試播種機(jī)，缽內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)底土厚度應(yīng)穩(wěn)定達(dá)到 2/3 孔深；按不同類型水稻品種選控機(jī)器播量(平均每孔實(shí)際播種粒數(shù))，精播勻播；蓋表土厚度不超過盤面，以不見芽谷為宜。一般常規(guī)稻每畝用秧盤 40 張左右、雜交稻每畝用秧盤 35 張左右。建議在流水線始末端加裝自動(dòng)上料和疊盤設(shè)備等相關(guān)裝
 
　　備，以提升作業(yè)效率。
 
　　(四)暗化擺盤。有條件的地方，播后要進(jìn)行疊盤暗化催芽。一般一疊堆高 20 盤左右，堆與堆之間留 20 厘米左右間距以便通風(fēng)和起運(yùn)操作，頂部放一張只有土沒有種子的塑盤封頂，秧盤的排放務(wù)必做到垂直整齊，盤堆大小適中。堆放完畢后，頂部和四周用黑色農(nóng)膜封閉，不可有漏縫和漏洞，做到保溫保濕不見光，防止盤間溫濕度不一致，影響齊苗。溫度和濕度分別控制在32℃和 90%左右。待種芽立針、露出盤面 1.0厘米左右即可擺盤綠化。缽苗機(jī)插育秧擺盤前畦面要鋪細(xì)孔紗布(網(wǎng)孔面積<0.5 厘米×0.5 厘米)，以防止根系竄長(zhǎng)至底部床土中。將暗化處理過的塑盤沿秧盤長(zhǎng)度方向并排對(duì)放擺平擺齊于畦上，盤間緊密鋪排，秧盤與畦面緊貼不能吊空，擺盤覆膜后速灌速排 1 次出苗水。未經(jīng)暗化或直接在田間擺盤播種的
 
　　需覆蓋無(wú)紡布，此后應(yīng)立即灌一次平溝水，水深不超過盤面，待盤土充分濕潤(rùn)后立即排出，以利于保濕齊苗。
 
　　二、秧田管理
 
　　(一)水漿管理。缽苗機(jī)插秧田要以旱育為主，促進(jìn)秧苗根系下扎，增強(qiáng)缽苗根系盤結(jié)力，提高機(jī)插質(zhì)量。播種至 2葉期前，盤面不能缺水發(fā)白，補(bǔ)水做到速灌速排，始終保持土壤濕潤(rùn)狀； 葉期到 4 葉期，2盤面發(fā)白、秧苗中午發(fā)生卷葉時(shí)，傍晚補(bǔ)水，速灌速排；4 葉期至移栽期，畦面盡量不要灌水，盤面不可保持水層，以防根系上冒串根導(dǎo)致缽間秧苗黏連不分，導(dǎo)致插秧機(jī)無(wú)法栽插。
 
　　(二)肥料運(yùn)籌。2 葉期到 4 葉期，于 2 葉期傍晚及早施用斷奶肥 45%復(fù)合肥 4 克/盤；4 葉期到移栽，于移栽前 2～3天施用送嫁肥 45%復(fù)合肥 5 克/盤。施肥后及時(shí)噴水，防止燒苗。
 
　　(三)缽苗化控。2 葉期每百?gòu)堁肀P可用 15%多效唑粉劑4～6 克兌水 2～3 公斤均勻噴施，控制秧苗高度≤20 厘米，以適應(yīng)機(jī)械栽插。
 
　　(四)綠色防控。根據(jù)區(qū)植保站發(fā)布的信息，及時(shí)開展秧田期病蟲害防治，重點(diǎn)防治好灰飛虱、稻薊馬、葉瘟等，以減少危害。移栽前 2～3 天施用“送嫁藥”，做到帶藥移栽。

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