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【實用技術(shù)】玉米播種技術(shù)要點

2024-05-09 09:28:06 來源：內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)農(nóng)牧廳 閱讀量：11997 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 提高播種質(zhì)量，實現(xiàn)一播全苗、勻苗，需要從品種選擇、種子處理、導(dǎo)航精量播種、設(shè)置合理種植密度和株行距配置以及種肥施用等方面入手。
 
　　1.品種選擇
 
　　選擇國家或自治區(qū)審定(或引種備案)，在當(dāng)?shù)匾逊N植并表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良的耐密、抗倒、高產(chǎn)、適應(yīng)機(jī)械精量點播和機(jī)械收獲的品種。優(yōu)選在當(dāng)?shù)亻_展過多年試驗示范的優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)耐密品種。籽粒機(jī)械直收要求后期脫水快、生育期較當(dāng)?shù)厮胧掌贩N生育期短5-7天(或≥10℃活動積溫少150-200℃)的品種。
 
　　2.種子處理
 
　　需對種子進(jìn)行分級和精準(zhǔn)包衣處理。經(jīng)過分級篩選后的種子，進(jìn)行1-2天的曬種，以提高種子活力和發(fā)芽率，可根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)孛缙诔Ｒ姴∠x害種類選用不同的種衣劑進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)包衣，從而有效防控出苗階段與苗期病蟲害。
 
　　針對金針蟲、蠐螬、地老虎等地下害蟲，建議選用含有吡蟲啉、氟蟲腈或溴氰蟲酰胺等成分的種衣劑；針對土傳病害，選用含咯菌腈和精甲霜靈以及苯醚甲環(huán)唑等殺菌劑，而在玉米線蟲矮化病發(fā)生重的區(qū)域，要選用含丁硫克百威、硫雙威等對線蟲有效的農(nóng)藥。吡蟲啉，噻蟲嗪，均為內(nèi)吸殺蟲劑，滿適金中主要是殺菌劑，包括咯菌腈和精甲霜靈。需要進(jìn)行二次包衣后的種子應(yīng)充分晾干。
 
　　3.適時精量導(dǎo)航播種
 
　　耐低溫發(fā)芽的玉米品種可在5厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過10℃時播種，偏粉質(zhì)類型的種子，需要5厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過12℃時播種。確定播期后，選用帶衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛功能的動力機(jī)械和單粒精量播種機(jī)，一次性完成施底肥、播種、鋪設(shè)滴灌帶、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè)。滴灌帶鋪設(shè)在窄行內(nèi)，覆土3-5厘米。播種深度要均勻一致，播深4-5厘米，下粒均勻，鎮(zhèn)壓緊實。
 
　　4.設(shè)置合理種植密度和株行距配置
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件、土壤條件、品種特性和生產(chǎn)條件、品種特性及生產(chǎn)目的，合理配置株行距，確保適宜密度。行距采用40厘米+70-80厘米寬窄行配置，一般大田比目前種植密度每畝增加500-1000株。其中，東部區(qū)管(漫)灌地種植密度5000-6000株/畝，有滴灌條件的種植密度5500-6500株/畝；中西部區(qū)光照條件比較好，管(漫)灌地種植密度5000-6000株/畝，有滴溉條件的地塊一般中晚熟品種種植密度6000-7000株/畝、中早熟品種6500-7000株/畝。土壤肥力低、生產(chǎn)條件差的地塊，推薦選品種適宜種植密度的下限值；土壤中上等肥力、生產(chǎn)條件好的地塊，選品種適宜種植密度的上限值。
 
　　5.種肥施用
 
　　種肥根據(jù)目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量，精準(zhǔn)施用，用量不宜過大。一般20-30%的氮肥,50-60%的磷肥、鉀肥作種肥，氮肥的純氮量不宜超過2公斤/畝。種肥施在種子側(cè)下方7-8厘米深處(距離種子5厘米處)。

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