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糧食機收減損關鍵機械化技術探討

2024-05-22 10:43:01 來源：山東農(nóng)機化網(wǎng) 閱讀量：19926 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 隨著國民對糧食需求的不斷增加，提高糧食產(chǎn)量、減少糧食生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)的損失就成為業(yè)界關注的焦點。在糧食生產(chǎn)全程全面機械化的今天，與機械化相關的機器性能、機手操作技能和機收技術路線選擇等關鍵技術，將直接關系糧食減損效果。
 
　　一、玉米收獲減損的國標要求
 
　　玉米機收損失是指，在玉米收獲過程中，由于機器故障、操作不當、作物狀態(tài)、天氣狀況等因素導致的玉米掉落、破損等現(xiàn)象。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，玉米機收損失率一般為4%—10%，主要包括籽粒破碎、落粒和夾帶造成的損失。根據(jù)GB/T21962—2020《玉米收獲機械》，對玉米機收作業(yè)質(zhì)量提出如下要求。
 
　　玉米果穗收獲機：總損失率不高于3.5%、籽粒破碎率不高于0.8%、果穗含雜率不高于1.0%、苞葉剝凈率不低于85%，無明顯漏收、漏割。
 
　　玉米籽粒收獲機：總損失率不高于4.0%、籽粒破碎率不高于5.0%、籽粒含雜率不高于2.5%，無明顯漏收、漏割。
 
　　玉米穗莖兼收收獲機：總損失率不高于3.5%、籽粒破損率不高于0.8%、果穗含雜率不高于1.0%、苞葉剝凈率不低于85%，無明顯漏收、漏割。
 
　　二、玉米機收損失的分類
 
　　1.摘穗過程的損失。首先，在非對行玉米機收獲中，當植株生長排列與收割機行距不匹配時，會導致摘穗不徹底增加損失。其次，在摘穗過程中，如果玉米籽粒沒有成熟或者脫落時機不當，就會導致籽粒脫落損失。第三，如果摘穗設備出現(xiàn)損壞或者存在間隙調(diào)整不當問題，也會導致摘穗不徹底或者籽粒脫落。
 
　　2.輸送過程的損失。在收獲過程中，機械設備不穩(wěn)定和運輸顛簸將直接影響籽粒脫落。例如，割臺震動很容易導致籽粒脫落。其次，從割臺到攪龍再到升運器的輸送中，果穗碰撞果穗一定會有籽粒損失；在剝皮機到果穗箱的銜接處，卸果穗過程也會造成籽粒損失。
 
　　3.剝皮過程的損失。剝皮輥表面形狀決定了其作用力的大小和方向，而轉速則會影響剝皮速度和籽粒脫落程度。如果剝皮輥形狀過于尖銳或轉速過高，容易導致籽粒脫落；如果形狀過于平緩或轉速過低，則可能導致籽粒破碎。兩種情況都會導致?lián)p失增加。其次，剝皮輥和壓送器的間隙過大，可能會導致籽粒無法及時脫落，間隙過小則可能導致籽粒過度擠壓而破碎；壓送器位置也會影響籽粒脫落和破碎情況。
 
　　4.籽粒回收過程的損失。如果籽粒回收單向攪龍清選能力不足，或清選方式、密封不好和容量過大都會導致?lián)p失；清選方式不合適，可能會導致籽粒中雜質(zhì)過多，影響品質(zhì)；密封不良可能會導致籽粒在回收過程中掉落，增加損失；回收容量過度飽和也可能導致籽粒溢出，增加損失。
 
　　5.機器狀況造成的損失。如果機器沒有及時檢修保養(yǎng)，或在投入使用前沒有進行適當?shù)脑囀蘸驼{(diào)整，如果機器間隙調(diào)整不當，都可能導致機收損失。除以上機械相關因素外，其它農(nóng)藝因素如作物狀態(tài)不良造成也會造成籽粒損失。首先，生長不良的玉米植株較為瘦弱，秸稈較細，容易倒伏，這會導致收獲過程中籽粒損失；過于茂密的玉米植株，會增加機收難度并造成損失。其次，不同品種玉米籽粒硬度、韌性以及含水率存在差異，會導致收獲中產(chǎn)生不同程度損失。例如，一些硬質(zhì)玉米品種籽粒較硬，不容易破碎，一些軟質(zhì)玉米品種籽粒則較容易破碎，這些都會產(chǎn)生機收損失。

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