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當(dāng)前南方水稻防澇抗災(zāi)技術(shù)意見

2024-06-21 09:35:21 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：13331 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前，南方早稻陸續(xù)進(jìn)入抽穗揚(yáng)花和灌漿結(jié)實期，一季中稻大部分處于移栽至分蘗期，生育進(jìn)程總體正常，苗情長勢較好。6月上旬以來，江南中南部、華南等地降雨偏多、光照偏少，不利于早稻孕穗抽穗，影響一季中稻及時移栽與早發(fā)快長。據(jù)預(yù)報，未來10天江淮、江漢、江南、華南西部、西南地區(qū)等地降水50—120毫米，部分地區(qū)150—200毫米，較常年同期偏多3—7成，部分地區(qū)偏多1倍以上，對早稻抽穗揚(yáng)花、籽粒灌漿和一季中稻返青分蘗產(chǎn)生一定影響。為指導(dǎo)各地科學(xué)應(yīng)對洪澇災(zāi)害，及時做好水稻防災(zāi)減災(zāi)和災(zāi)后恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)工作，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部水稻專家指導(dǎo)組會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心制定南方水稻防澇抗災(zāi)技術(shù)意見。
 
雙季早稻
 
　　一是防洪排澇。提前疏通“三溝”等排水溝渠，檢修排灌設(shè)備，提早應(yīng)對洪澇災(zāi)害。對受淹田塊，盡快排水露田，提高土壤通透性，恢復(fù)根系生長活力，促進(jìn)稻株生長；利用退水清除稻株上的泥漿雜物，恢復(fù)葉片功能。對受淹較重、抽穗期葉片發(fā)黃早衰的田塊，補(bǔ)施粒肥，一般畝施尿素2.5—5.0公斤或噴施葉面肥1—2次，促進(jìn)籽粒灌漿結(jié)實。
 
　　二是應(yīng)對高溫。采取葉面噴施3%過磷酸鈣溶液或0.2%磷酸二氫鉀溶液的方式，增強(qiáng)水稻植株抗高溫能力，防止早衰，有效減輕高溫?zé)岷τ绊憽Ω邷責(zé)岷σ装l(fā)區(qū)域，采用間歇灌溉的方法，養(yǎng)根保葉，提高結(jié)實率和千粒重。切忌斷水過早，防止高溫逼熟。再生稻頭季稻要根據(jù)苗情及時施用穗肥和促芽肥。
 
　　三是防控病蟲。水稻受淹后，植株抗病力降低，易發(fā)生白葉枯病和紋枯病，退水后要及時防治。高溫高濕天氣利于水稻“兩遷”害蟲(稻飛虱、稻縱卷葉螟)遷入繁衍，以及穗頸瘟、稻曲病、紋枯病等多種病害發(fā)生流行，要加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測預(yù)警，科學(xué)合理用藥，開展專業(yè)化統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，提高防治效果，有效減輕病蟲害損失，確保早稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。
 
 
一季稻
 
　　一是因時管水。對受澇田塊，及時分次排水，結(jié)合洗苗輕露田。對早栽田塊，要嚴(yán)格按照“時到不等苗，苗到不等時”要求及早排水曬田，控制高峰苗數(shù)，提高分蘗成穗率。
 
　　二是因苗施肥。對受淹田塊，及時補(bǔ)施一次肥料，促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長。對遲栽田塊，早施分蘗肥促早發(fā)，搭好豐產(chǎn)苗架。根據(jù)不同栽培方式、品種和苗情，在群體高峰苗已過、葉色明顯褪淡顯“黃”時合理施用穗肥。適當(dāng)增施硅鉀肥，切忌盲目增施氮肥，防止貪青晚熟。
 
　　三是改種補(bǔ)救。對受淹嚴(yán)重田塊，若根系有活力、中低部莖稈成活好，可留10厘米左右的低樁，并及時追肥蓄留再生稻，或選用早熟品種補(bǔ)種一季晚稻，降低災(zāi)害損失。
 
　　四是防控病蟲。對大水浸泡過的稻田，退水后重點(diǎn)監(jiān)測白葉枯病和紋枯病發(fā)生情況，并及早防治。加強(qiáng)破口至抽穗期前后的混合用藥與綜合防治，重點(diǎn)防控稻縱卷葉螟、螟蟲、稻飛虱、稻瘟病、紋枯病和稻曲病，稻曲病第一次預(yù)防用藥應(yīng)提前到破口前5—7天進(jìn)行，穗頸瘟在破口期與齊穗穗搶晴天防治。
 
　　五是防范高溫。茬口早的中稻，要防范7月下旬至8月上中旬高溫天氣的影響。抽穗時如遇持續(xù)超過35℃的高溫，田間要保持8—10厘米的深水層，以水調(diào)溫，降低穗層溫度；也可葉面噴施磷鉀肥等，增強(qiáng)水稻植株對高溫的抗性，減輕或緩解高溫危害。對受旱稻田，充分利用各種水源及時補(bǔ)水，提高灌溉效率，促進(jìn)生長發(fā)育。

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