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2024年秋冬季梨科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-09-20 08:56:53 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：10632 評(píng)論

 
施肥原則
 
　　梨園土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量較低，鈣、鐵、鋅、硼等中微量元素缺乏普遍，南方地區(qū)梨園土壤酸化嚴(yán)重，磷、鉀、鈣、鎂缺乏。生產(chǎn)中有機(jī)肥施用不足，氮磷肥投入量大，中微量元素投入較少，施肥時(shí)期、施肥方式、肥料配比不合理。針對(duì)上述問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　(1)增施有機(jī)肥，實(shí)施綠肥種植和秸稈覆蓋，培肥土壤。土壤酸化嚴(yán)重的果園施用石灰和有機(jī)肥進(jìn)行改良，適當(dāng)減少化學(xué)氮肥施用.
 
　　(2)依據(jù)梨園土壤肥力、產(chǎn)量水平和梨樹生長狀況，確定肥料施用時(shí)期、用量和養(yǎng)分配比，適當(dāng)減少氮磷肥用量，適量施用鉀肥，通過多種途徑補(bǔ)充鈣、鎂、鐵、鋅、硼等中微量元素。
 
　　(3)優(yōu)化施肥方式、施肥時(shí)期和養(yǎng)分配比，灌溉與施肥合理配合，推廣水肥一體化技術(shù)。
 
　　(4)秋季高溫和多雨地區(qū)，注意及時(shí)排水，適當(dāng)降低氮肥用量，控制營養(yǎng)生長，穩(wěn)定樹勢(shì)。必要時(shí)配合磷鉀葉面肥噴施植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，控旺促成花。
 
 
施肥建議
 
　　(1)畝產(chǎn)4000公斤以上的果園，施用有機(jī)肥3—4方/畝，氮肥(N)10—15公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)5—8公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)6—10公斤/畝；畝產(chǎn)2000—4000公斤的果園，有機(jī)肥3—4方/畝，氮肥(N)8—10公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)4—7公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)8—10公斤/畝；畝產(chǎn)2000公斤以下的果園，有機(jī)肥3—4方/畝，氮肥(N)5—8公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)3—6公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)5—8公斤/畝。
 
　　(2)土壤鈣、鎂較缺乏的果園，氮肥宜選用硝酸銨鈣，磷肥宜選用鈣鎂磷肥，或者施用適量的鈣、鎂肥。缺鐵、鋅和硼的果園，通過葉面噴施濃度為0.2%—0.3%的硫酸亞鐵、0.2%的七水硫酸鋅、0.2%—0.5%的硼砂溶液來補(bǔ)充，嚴(yán)重時(shí)可結(jié)合土壤施肥同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
 
　　(3)有機(jī)肥肥和化肥一次性在秋季施入，施肥時(shí)期在梨采收后落葉前的9月中旬至10月中旬之間，并根據(jù)梨樹樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)弱適當(dāng)增減用量。

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