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農業農村部辦公廳印發《畜禽糞污處理有限空間作業風險防控技術指南（試行）》

2025-02-28 10:04:13 來源：農業農村部 閱讀量：16926 評論

　　近年來，全國各地大力推進畜禽糞污資源化利用，畜禽養殖場(戶)糞污處理設施裝備配套不斷完善，畜牧業綠色發展理念深入人心。但隨著糞污處理設施等有限空間數量增加，畜禽糞污處理過程中面臨的氣體中毒等風險隱患日漸突出。為切實提高從業者糞污處理安全生產意識，指導建立源頭風險防控機制，有效應對突發狀況，嚴防人員傷亡事件發生，農業農村部制定了《畜禽糞污處理有限空間作業風險防控技術指南(試行)》。現印發給你們，請遵照執行，并結合實際加大培訓與宣貫力度，確保畜禽養殖從業者生命財產安全。
 
畜禽糞污處理有限空間作業風險防控技術指南
 
(試行)
 
 
一、適用范圍
 
　　本指南適用于從事畜禽糞污處理有限空間作業的畜禽養殖場(戶)。
 
　　二、制定依據
 
　　《中華人民共和國安全生產法》
 
　　《中華人民共和國畜牧法》
 
　　《畜禽規模養殖污染防治條例》
 
　　《畜禽養殖環境與廢棄物管理術語》(GB 25171)
 
　　《缺氧危險作業安全規程》(GB 8958)
 
　　《頭部防護 安全帽》(GB 2811)
 
　　《墜落防護 安全繩》(GB 24543)
 
　　《呼吸防護 長管呼吸器》(GB 6220)
 
　　《作業場所環境氣體檢測報警儀 通用技術要求》(GB 12358)
 
　　三、定義
 
　　畜禽糞污處理有限空間：畜禽養殖場(戶)在處理畜禽糞污時建設的，封閉或部分封閉，與外界相對隔離，出入口較為狹窄，自然通風不良，易造成有毒有害、易燃易爆物質積聚或氧含量不足的空間。包括氧化塘、化糞池、沼液池等畜禽液體糞污貯存設施，封閉式糞污處理車間、立式好氧發酵罐等畜禽固體糞污貯存設施。
 
　　四、風險類別
 
　　1.氣體危害
 
　　(1)有毒有害氣體中毒風險。畜禽糞污發酵會產生硫化氫、氨氣等有毒有害氣體。硫化氫濃度超過10 mg/m3會對人身體造成傷害，超過150 mg/m3會對人身體造成永久損害，超過1390 mg/m3會導致人員瞬間猝死(“電擊式”死亡)。氨氣濃度超過30 mg/m3會對人身體造成傷害，超過430 mg/m3會對人身體造成永久損害，超過1750 mg/m3會危及生命。
 
　　(2)可燃氣體引爆風險。畜禽糞污厭氧發酵產生甲烷，在有限空間內積聚濃度達到5%至15%時，遇明火或靜電可能發生爆炸。
 
　　(3)缺氧窒息風險。畜禽糞污發酵會消耗氧氣，導致有限空間內含氧量降低，含氧量低于17%時會造成呼吸困難，低于9%時短時間內可導致人員失去知覺，甚至死亡。
 
　　2. 物理危害
 
　　(1)淹溺。有限空間內畜禽液體糞污液位較高，人員作業時可能發生淹溺事故。
 
　　(2)高處墜落。有限空間較高，人員作業時可能發生高處墜落事故。
 
　　(3)機械傷害。有限空間內如果存在運轉的機械設備，人員作業時可能發生機械傷害事故。
 
　　五、風險隱患
 
　　1.未確保安全的情況下進入有限空間出料、清池、檢修。
 
　　2.未采取有效防護措施下擅自進入有限空間施救。
 
　　3.在有限空間內及其近距離周邊使用火源。
 
　　4.有限空間蓋板松動、覆蓋物破損、周邊無圍欄和未使用防爆燈等。
 
　　5.作業期間臨時更換作業人員未進行安全交底。
 
　　六、風險防范
 
　　1.作業前準備
 
　　(1)做好物資儲備。配備安全帽、安全繩、空氣呼吸器等必要的防護用品，作業前檢查用品是否可用。有條件的養殖場(戶)可配備便攜式氣體檢測設備。
 
　　(2)做好人員培訓。應定期對有限空間作業人員進行安全生產培訓，重點包括有限空間危害、安全操作規范、防護用品使用、應急救援知識等。
 
　　(3)做好作業方案。應以適當方式制定作業方案，明確作業職責、作業時間、風險評估結果、安全防護措施和應急救援預案等。
 
　　(4)做好安全交底。應重點做好作業前和作業人員交換時的安全交底，明確告知接手者作業現場的危險狀況、安全措施、應急救援等信息。
 
　　2.作業中保護
 
　　(1)做好通風換氣。作業前和作業中，應持續對有限空間進行充分的通風換氣，確保作業環境中相關氣體濃度達到安全生產閾值后再作業，對通風不良的有限空間，應優先采用機械通風。
 
　　(2)做好氣體檢測。通風換氣后，應使用檢測設備或適用的其他方式對有限空間內的氣體濃度進行檢測，重點檢測硫化氫、氨氣、甲烷、氧氣等氣體，在氣體濃度達到安全生產要求后，方可進入有限空間作業。
 
　　(3)做好安全防護。進行有限空間作業時，人員應正確佩戴和使用空氣呼吸器、安全繩和安全帽等防護用品。作業周邊應設置安全隔離護欄等設施，嚴防無關人員進入。
 
　　(4)做好現場監護。作業時應設置2人及以上專人進行現場監護，密切關注作業人員狀況，保持信息暢通，發現異常時立即進行科學救援。
 
　　3.作業后恢復
 
　　(1)做好人員清點。作業結束后，應及時清點作業人員數量，確保所有人員安全撤離有限空間。
 
　　(2)做好現場清理。拆除作業過程中設置的安全隔離設施，恢復有限空間及周邊環境原狀。
 
　　七、應急處置
 
　　1. 制定應急預案
 
　　(1)畜禽養殖場應制定應急救援預案。重點包括應急組織機構、救援人員職責、應急救援物資、救援響應流程等內容，并依據實際情況開展定期演練。
 
　　(2)畜禽養殖戶應主動了解有限空間作業風險，留存當地急救中心聯系方式，作業前與從業人員或監護人員協商約定好溝通信號、緊急救援方式，確保及時發現異常情況，準確開展緊急救援。
 
　　2.開展緊急救援
 
　　(1)一旦發生有限空間作業事故，監護人員應立即啟動應急預案，及時報告企業、合作社負責人或家庭戶主，并撥打119、120尋求緊急援助。人員救出后應盡快送往最近的醫療機構救治。
 
　　(2)救援人員施救時，盡可能采取有限空間外救援，確需進入救援的，要采取機械通風方式對有限空間內持續強制通風，在確保自身安全、佩戴好必要的防護用具后方可進行救援，嚴禁盲目施救。

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