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從秸稈焚燒問題看我國秸稈綜合利用前景

2017-05-15 17:35:14 來源：中國農機網 閱讀量：46878 評論

　　【中國農機網 本站原創】 五月，是油菜收獲的季節，也是大量秸稈產生的時節。近年來，農作物秸稈成為農村污染的新源頭。據有關統計，我國作為農業大國，每年可生成7億多噸秸稈。
 
　　5月9日，一則八旬老漢私燒秸稈引發山火葬身火海的新聞刺痛了筆者的神經。據中新網記者5月9日早從四川自貢市榮縣警方證實，8日下午5點左右，榮縣度佳鎮果子塘村80多歲的老漢杜某在自家附近焚燒秸稈時，突遇起風引發了山火。老漢在救火時倒地，因年歲已高無力爬起，山火把他的衣服褲子引燃，自己被當場活活燒死。從這場慘烈的教訓中我們不妨思考一下，僅僅是因為突然起風才引發了這場慘案嗎？其實不然，這其實是從一個側面反映了我國秸稈綜合利用實施還不到位，實際上我國秸稈綜合利用的前景是很值得被看好的。
 
 
　　秸稈變廢為寶走出科學環保之路
 
　　秸稈焚燒屢禁不止，國外亦如此，對此，國外一些發達國家相繼研發出多種秸稈綜合利用的辦法，除傳統的將秸稈粉碎還田作有機肥料外，還走出了秸稈飼料、秸稈汽化、秸稈發電、秸稈乙醇、秸稈建材等新路子，大大提高了秸稈的利用值和利用率，值得我們借鑒。例如加拿大的農業區，每年玉米成熟時就將秸稈粉碎還田，作為來年種植玉米的肥料；美國的農業州則將秸稈用作飼料或者從中提取乙醇再利用；而丹麥則將秸稈用于發電，真正將秸稈變廢為寶。
 
　　國外將雞肋般的秸稈走出了一條科學化、實用化的道路，在我國也有不少探索成功的新路子，例如利用秸稈汽化原理和技術，在農村推行秸稈沼氣工程，利用秸稈造紙等等，既能增加農民收入，又能將廢物合理利用，實現能源轉化，對我國秸稈綜合利用前景具有很大的貢獻。但是從中國的實際情況來看，秸稈綜合利用還面臨著技術不成熟、投資比較大、效果比較差的窘境。這也是當前秸稈問題面臨的兩難窘境，發展在前，技術與投資卻跟不上發展的步伐。
 
　　但是我國秸稈綜合開發的前景依然值得看好，有學者做過一個統計，如果我們能將秸稈在農村就地變為國家急需的工業原料，實現產業化，既能吸納農村勞動力，又能給農民帶來可觀的收入。可以設想：如果能轉化我國每年7億多噸秸稈的50%，將是一個巨大的新興產業；如果能創建以秸稈為原料的新型生態工業，實行種植業、養殖業、農副產品加工業、秸稈生態工業四業相結合的階段生態農業的生產模式，則農用生物柴油燃料、寡糖植保素生物農藥、秸稈有機肥、秸稈生物飼料等都是秸稈轉化的產物，有望形成比傳統“石油農業”勞動生產率更高、可持續發展的新型農業，這種前景十分誘人。
 
　　如何提高我國秸稈綜合利用率
 
　　以上分析表明，農村焚燒秸稈問題屢禁不止與秸稈多少沒有直接的關系，而與秸稈綜合利用率低下有直接的關系。那么如何提高秸稈綜合利用率？光靠農民自身肯定是不夠的，政府、企業、市場必須多管齊下。
 
　　，要正確認識秸稈的綜合利用價值，明確其發展空間，以企業化的制度來推進秸稈綜合利用，拓寬其發展路徑。
 
　　其次，政府應該加大秸稈科學研究的力度，改變現行的秸稈利用技術效率較低、經濟效益差、投入產出不合算的狀況，在資金和政策等方面也應加大支持力度，例如財政補貼和稅收減免，同時宣傳和服務力度也應該跟上，充分調動農民的積極性，從源頭上解決秸稈焚燒問題。
 
　　后，落實責任制度，明確農民和農村集體組織在秸稈綜合利用中的任務和責任，不僅要做好宣傳，而且要做好相關的管理工作。
 
　　2020年目標：秸稈綜合利用率力爭超85%
 
　　2015年，國家四部委聯合發出通知，要求各地進一步加強秸稈綜合利用與禁燒工作，力爭到2020年全國秸稈綜合利用率達到85%以上。四部委要求各地加大衛星遙感、無人機等應用力度，提高焚燒火點檢測效率和水平，建立健全責任制度，實行秸稈禁燒工作評價、考核方法和獎懲機制，刺激秸稈焚燒工作取得突破性進展。
 
　　我們相信，通過政府、企業、農村集體組織和農民的共同努力，建立起秸稈綜合開發利用的長效機制，一定能夠推動農村走出一條經濟、社會和生態協調發展的新路子。
 

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