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小麥機械化收獲減損技術要點
2023-06-06
09:27:31
來源：酒泉市農機服務中心整理 閱讀量：11410
評論
小麥機械化收獲減損技術要點
一、作業前機具準備
開始作業前要保持機具良好工作狀態，預防和減少作業故障，提高作業質量和效率。
（一）機具檢查
作業季節開始前進行全面檢查與保養，對機具做好試運轉，認真檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常等，以便出現故障時能夠及時排除。
（二）試割
要選擇有代表性的地塊進行試割。試割作業行進長度以30米左右為宜。試割過程中，應注意觀察，發現異常及時解決。
二、確定適宜收獲時間
小麥機收宜在蠟熟末期至完熟初期進行。如遇雨季迫近，或急需搶種下茬作物，或品種易落粒、折稈、折穗、穗上發芽等情況，應適當提前收獲時間。
三、機收作業質量要求和測定方法
（一）作業質量要求
、
機收作業質量應符合NY/T 995-2006《谷物(小麥)聯合
收獲機械 作業質量》標準要求。
（二）簡易測定法
推薦“半米幅寬法”和“巴掌法”。選擇自然落粒少的田塊，在
收割機穩定作業區域，往返兩個行程內隨機選取兩個取樣區，收集掉落地上的籽粒個數，根據當地的小麥千粒重(或落地籽粒稱重)和平均畝產量估算平均損失率。
四、減少機收環節損失的措施
作業過程中，應選擇適當的作業參數，并根據自然條件和作物條件的不同及時對機具進行調整，使
聯合收割機保持良好的工作狀態，減少機收損失，提高作業質量。
（一）選擇作業行走路線
聯合收割機作業一般可采取順時針向心回轉、逆時針向心回轉、梭形收割三種行走方法。
（二）選擇作業速度
根據聯合收割機自身喂入量、小麥產量、自然高度、干濕程度等因素選擇合理的作業速度。當小麥稠密、植株大、產量高、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時，應適當降低作業速度。
（三）調整作業幅寬
作業時不能有漏割現象，作業幅寬以割臺寬度的90%為宜，保證喂入均勻；但當小麥產量過高、濕度過大或留茬高度過低時，以低速作業仍超載時，一般割幅減少到80%時即可。
（四）保持合適的留茬高度
一般以10—15厘米為宜。在保證正常收割的情況下，割茬應盡量降低但不小于5厘米。
（五）調整撥禾輪速度和位置
撥禾輪線速度為聯合收割機前進速度的1.1—1.2倍，不宜過高；調整撥禾輪高低位置，應使撥禾輪彈齒或壓板作用在被切割作物高度的2/3處為宜。以撥禾輪不翻草、割臺不堆積麥稈為宜。
（六）調整脫粒、清選等工作部件
脫粒滾筒的轉速、脫粒間隙和導流板角度的大小是影響小麥脫凈率、破碎率的重要因素。在保證破碎率不超標的前提下，正確調整入口與出口間隙之比(一般為4∶1)等措施。
（七）倒伏小麥的收割
做好聯合收割機調整。適當降低割茬，以減少漏割。倒伏嚴重時，采取逆倒伏方向收獲，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，撥禾輪適當前移；順倒伏方向收獲時，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，以增強扶禾作用。割臺底板輕觸地面，割刀距地面高度視倒伏情況調整低于10厘米為宜。
（八）收割過熟作物
收割時應適當調低撥禾輪轉速，防止撥禾輪板擊打麥穗造成掉粒損失，同時降低作業速度，適當減小清選篩開度。
（九）規范作業操作
應根據作物實際情況來選擇作業擋位，要經常檢查凹板篩和清選篩的篩面，防止被泥土或潮濕物堵死造成糧食損失。收割作業結束后糧箱存糧，要及時卸凈。
（十）在線監測
提升裝備智能化水平，可在小麥聯合收割機上裝配損失率、含雜率、破碎率在線監測裝置。得到并保持較理想的作業狀態。
五、培訓與監督
（一）開展收獲技術培訓
機手、種植戶和從事收獲質量監督的鄉鎮農機管理人員應經過培訓，掌握小麥品種、籽粒含水率、種植模式、收割地形等方面的知識，掌握聯合收割機的正確使用、維護保養知識以及作業質量標準要求。
（二）加強作業質量監督
鼓勵種植戶與機手簽訂收獲作業損失協議，農機管理人員可通過巡回檢查監督作業損失等情況，并在損失偏大或出現其他不合乎要求情形時，要求機手對聯合收割機進行調整，仍不合要求的，應及時更換故障部件或整機。
監制：寧彬 審核：馮正睿 編輯：趙嵐
整理：酒泉市農機服務中心
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